Teaching Pragmatics - 3167 Words

Teaching Pragmatics explores the teaching of pragmatics through lessons and activities created by teachers of English as a second and foreign language. This book is written for teachers by teachers. Our teacher-contributors teach in seven different countries and are both native-speakers and nonnative speakers of English. Activities reflect ESL and EFL classroom settings. The chapters included here allow teachers to see how other teachers approach the teaching of pragmatics and to appreciate the diversity and creativity of their endeavors. Taken together, the activities constitute a spectrum of possibilities for teaching pragmatics. Each submission provides novel insight into the ESL/EFL classroom and demonstrates that there is no single†¦show more content†¦Being outside the range of language use allowed in a language or making a pragmatic mistake may have various consequences. As the teachers contributing to this volume point out, a pragmatic error may hinder good communica tion between speakers (Takenoya), may make the speaker appear abrupt or brusque in social interactions (Lee), or may make the speaker appear rude or uncaring (Yates). Gallow points out that maintaining a conversation in English requires underlying knowledge of responses that prompt a speaker to continue, show understanding, give support, indicate agreement, show strong emotional response, add or correct a speaker s information, or ask for more information. Berry discusses the importance of learning how to take turns and demonstrates that listening behaviors that are polite in one language may not be polite or recognizable in another. Unintentional insult to interlocutors (Mach Ridder) and denial of requests (Weasenforth) have been identified as other potential pragmatic hazards. Left to their own devices with respect to contact with the target language in and out of the classroom, the majority of learners apparently do not acquire the pragmatics of the target language on their own (Bouton, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, Bardovi-Harlig, 2001; Kasper, 2001). What makes pragmatics secret seems to be in some cases insufficient specific input and in others insufficientShow MoreRelatedEssay about Pragmatic Develpment in a Second Language669 Words   |  3 PagesL2 pragmatics literature on suggestions is also quite limited. Only a small number of researchers have made attempts to explicitly address suggestions, how they are used in classroom interaction, and teacher-student conversations in conferences. Overall, a unanimous agreement exists among the available research (Bardovi-Harlig and Hartford, 1990, 1993; Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Rintell, 1979; Bell, 1998; Matsumura, 2001) that L2 learners fall short of institutional expectations to use pragmatic strategiesRead MoreQ uestions On School And Institute3283 Words   |  14 PagesARTICLE ? ? (e.g. ?essay, ?scientific ?report, ?conference ?transcript, ?or ?whatever ?you ?have ?chosen) ? ? ? INTENDED ?AUDIENCE ?or ?IMAGINED ?CONTEXT: ? (if ?required) ? ? Journal of Pragmatics ? ____________________ ? Fill ?in ?this ?section ?if ?you ?want ?to ?clarify ?the ?audience ?or ?context ?you ?imagine ?for ?this ? piece ?of ?work. ? ?You ?may ?wish ?to ?do ?this ?ifRead MoreDiffereces Between Vietnamese and American Compliment10198 Words   |  41 Pages 1. Rationale 1 2. Aims of the study 3 3. Scope of the study 3 4. Methods of the study 4 5. Data collecting procedure 5 6. Design of the study 5 Part B: Development Chapter I: Theoretical Background 1. What is Pragmatics? 6 1. What is Speech acts. 6 2. Compliment as a speech act. 11 1.2. Cultural communication. 13 1.2.1. Notion of culture 13 1.2.1.1. Cross-cultural communication. 14 1.3 Positive – negative politeness. 14 Chapter II: A cross-cultural studyRead MorePragmatic Definition Of Pragmatic Competence2200 Words   |  9 PagesPragmatic competence, in the scientific acceptance of the term, generally denotes the appropriate use of language in any given social matrix where both implicit and explicit meanings take center stage. A search of the pertinent literature yields a number of different, yet all very general, definitions of pragmatic language. Gallagher describes pragmatic language as linguistic elements and contextual elements as forming a contextual whole (1983, p. 2). A simpler definition comes from Bates (1976Read MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 Pages(Conclusion and pedagogical implications) 8) Scope And Limitations of the Study 9) Significance of the Study 10) Conclusion CHAPTER - I Introduction: The main aim of the present research is to study how Pragmatics works as a torch in the appreciation of literature. Pragmatics is associated with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how theRead MoreSpeech Act Theory and Application in the Efl Classroom.3238 Words   |  13 PagesEssay Mahly J. Martinez (2008) SPEECH ACT THEORY AND APPLICATION IN THE EFL CLASSROOM. †¢ Introduction ( Recent interest in teaching speech act theory (beyond the form) (Garcia, M, 2000) †¢ Communicative competence Theory (Sassan, B 2007) †¢ Speech Act Theory (Overview) (Austin 1962 – Searle, 1965, Yule 1991) †¢ Indirect and Direct Acts (Sassan, B. 2007) †¢ Practical Activities for Applying the speech act theory in the EFL Classroom (Fujimori, 2004) †¢ Pedagogical implications (Garcia, M. 2000, VezRead MoreStudies of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Interlanguage7383 Words   |  30 PagesOF GUANGXI NORMAL UNIVERSITY ,ï ¿ ½ Studies of negative pragmatic transfer in interlanguage pragmatics LIU Shao- zh on g , LI AO Feng - r on g (Foreign Languages College , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004, China ) Abstract : Negative pragmatic transfer (NPT ) is nothing but a difference of saying things between non2native speakers and native speakers . It occupies an important position in inter 2 ,ï ¿ ½ ,ï ¿ ½ language pragmatics whose mission is to scrutinize how non 2native speakers doRead MoreEssay on George Herbert Mead: The Self, Me and I3162 Words   |  13 Pagesself-contradiction, but from the fact that the asserted propositional content contradicts some pragmatic presupposition for an utterance; in the examples that the speaker exists and that the speaker can talk, respectively. A performative contradiction can be described as a logical contradiction between the asserted propositional content of the utterance (I cannot talk) and a description of one of the pragmatic presuppositions for an utterance (I, the speaker, can talk). This fact, however, doesRead MoreTeaching Assistant Level 2 Supportive the Pupil Essay11565 Words   |  47 PagesPUPIL TASK 6. The social and emotional development of children from 5 to sixteen plays a crucial part in in the impact and quality of the child’s lives these influence the development of the child in various ways which is why it is important for a Teaching Assistant to recognise these factors so they can help the child continue learning and use the skills already instilled in them. By treating each child as their own person you learn that they are all different and develop at their own pace but inRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Approach1367 Words   |  6 PagesCommunicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Nowadays, in fact, Communicative Language Teaching is one of the most common teaching methods adopted by teachers of second and foreign languages all over the world. Its origin can be found in the late 1960s early 1970s in the British academic system, which was undergoing a serious of changes that reflected, none other than, the changes that were occurring in society. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of what Communicative Language Teaching is, what are

Should Schools have School Uniforms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1690 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: School Uniforms Essay Did you like this example? The idea of schools requiring a uniform poses many questions for parents and students. School uniforms can benefit the learning environment, but can also provide some issues for students throughout the school day. Some of these issues include costs, free expression, stopping bullying of the students that have â€Å"old† clothes or hand-me downs, and academic performance. Parents have many questions regarding these issues. They want their children to have the best education they can obtain and school uniforms may help with it or suppress their education. Traditionally uniforms were favored in private parochial institutions.Today, school uniforms are being adopted in the United States in increasing numbers in both public and private schools. England had the first documented school uniforms dated back 1222 when students wore robe-like outfits called â€Å"cappa clausa.† The origin of the modern school uniform can be traced to 16th Century England, when the impoverished â€Å"charity children† attending boarding school wore blue cloaks and yellow stockings. As uniforms became more popular, they became associated with the upper-class in England. Some schools in England required students to wear top hats and tails on and off of campus until 1972. The uniforms used in the United States were similar to the traditional uniforms used in England. The first US schools that established uniform policies were in Washington DC and Baltimore, Maryland in 1987. Students in these schools were said to have an improved frame of mind and di scipline issues were reduced. These students did not have to worry about wearing the latest trends and buying designer fashion like the student that was wounded in a fight over a pair of $95 sunglasses in 1986. This is the origin of the uniform policy in Baltimore. The requirement of school uniforms has increased from 13 percent in the 2003-2004 school year to 19 percent during the 2011-2012 school year. Some cities require all schools to have uniforms such as Philadelphia, who requires all schools to have uniforms and New Orleans, who requires 95 percent of schools to have uniforms (ProCon 4). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Schools have School Uniforms?" essay for you Create order President Clinton told Congress on January 3, 1996 during his State of the Union speech: â€Å"[I]f it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms† ( ProCon 2). On February 25, 1996, Clinton repeated his message about uniforms in his weekly radio address and during a series of media appearances. He ordered the distribution of a school uniform manual to the country’s 16,000 school districts. In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that schools could not curtail students’ freedom of expression as long as the students’ choices were â€Å"not disruptive, and did not impinge upon the rights of others.† The students that were in question had worn black armbands in protest of the US participation in the Vietnam War. School uniform opponents used the ruling to argue that school uniforms sile nce free expression and freedom of speech. What are the pros of having school uniforms? Supporters of school uniforms believe that they make schools safer, create a â€Å"level playing field† that reduces socioeconomic disparities, and encourage children to focus on their studies rather than their clothes. School violence is reduced. Students do not have to be bullied about their clothing. The teasing about whether you are wearing less expensive clothes can stop, thus increasing their self esteem. Some students cannot afford designer clothes and the latest trends. Students have more time to focus on their schoolwork and education and not their clothes. Students do not have to worry about picking out their clothes. They do not have to worry about fitting in with their peers because they are all wearing the same outfit. This leaves more time for schoolwork. Students are not able to tell the â€Å"have† from the â€Å"have nots.† Wearing school uniforms can enhance school pride and unity. Schools can show t heir pride when their students feel like they belong to the school and feel like they fit in. School uniforms make it easier to recognize intruders. Those who want to harm a student or take one will not want to sign in at the office when they enter the school. The intruder will be easier to recognize. In 2017, there were 65 school shootings according to ABC 15. As of October 2018, there have been 65 school shooting. Not all of these were caused by students bringing a weapon to the school. Requiring students to wear uniforms, along with teachers wearing certain outfits to school may eliminate the high number of shootings because students and staff will be able to identify the intruder much easier than they normally would. It will become easier to obtain and disarm the intruder once identified. The intruder may be looking for a specific student, but if all of the students are wearing similar outfits, it makes it harder to recognize or find that student. Students from other schools that are attempting to hurt another student will be more visible and will not be able to make it very far in the school before being noticed. What about the cons? Opponents say school uniforms infringe upon students’ right to express their individuality, have no positive effect on behavior and academic achievement, and emphasize the socioeconomic disparities they are intended to disguise. School uniforms restrict students’ freedom of expression. Students do not get to show who they are and their personality. They cannot be themselves and show what they believe in. They cannot show their individuality. Opponents say the uniforms do not reduce school violence. They feel that the violence is an act of the school environment and not the way students are dressed. Much of the violence is from students that receive abuse in their home environments, whether it’s physical, mental, or emotional. In schools with uniform policies, students that are a member of gangs will find other ways to show who they are by tattoos, piercings, or scars. They believe that social classes will remain intact and students will segre gate themselves during the school day based their classes. Through a student’s schooling, they learn about many historical figures that spoke out for their rights. They tried and most succeed in making changes. Students learn about historical figures such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King. They learn about their individuality and how they worked to make changes. Students cannot do things like that when they cannot express themselves within the school walls. Schools are all about making sure their students are their own self and having their personality, but uniforms does not allow for that. Uniforms make students conform to the school’s standards. Students cannot express themselves. This could lead to depression and other health issues could arise in some cases. This could lead to schools removing the uniforms requirement after so long. School uniforms have many pros and cons that affect the lives of students everyday. School uniforms can improve students’ academic performance and how they approach their schoolwork. Students have an easier time focusing on their work when they do not have to worry about what they will wear to school and fit in among their classmates. School pride will increase because students will feel that they will belong to the school. Violence among students will decrease. Students will wear the same clothes and bullies will not have anyone to make fun for what they wear. Intruders are easier to recognize because they will stand out among those in the school. Students will be able to save money because they will not have the worry of buying the best clothes for school. There are many reasons why schools should and should not require school uniforms. Uniforms can help students perform better in the classroom, but they can suppress their freedom of expression and their individuality. Uniforms can reduce violence, but members of gangs will find ways to show who they are. Supporters believe students will not have to worry about their backgrounds and their social class. Opponents say that students will automatically separate based on their social classes. This paper weighs the pros and cons of the use of school uniforms. School uniforms can increase academic performance, decrease bullying, and improve school pride. However, they can also limit freedom of speech and expression. I liked the historical context you gave for school uniforms. You also did a good job of weighing the pros and cons of school uniforms. Your formatting looks good, just be cautious of extra spaces (like on the top of page 3). You did a good job of providing two perspectives on the issue, but I think you could look further into other ideas that meet in the middle such as partial uniforms, or maybe talk about the differences in how much a dress code can be uniformed. For example, schools could require a specific top and leave the rest of the outfit up to the student. Throughout the paper I inserted comments where I didn’t quite understand what you were talking about or if it needed more elaboration. I also think you could dive a little deeper into the facts and use actual statistics rather than â€Å"he says/she says†. While reading through this, you would give a lot of facts of what could potentially be a result of school uniforms. See if you can find any studies done that have hard numbers. The one thing that was really lacking for me was your opinion on the issue. As you move forward, try to incorporate and defend your own thoughts on the matter, rather than just stating the opposing perspectives from a neutral stance. Otherwise, great work! I’m really excited to see how this progresses! References Jeffrey, C. (2018, October 04). School shootings in U.S.: When, where each shooting has occurred in 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018, from https://www.abc15.com/news/data/school-shootings-in-u-s-when-where-each-shooting- as-occurred-in-2018 Oppenheimer, M.. (n.d.). The Downsides of School Uniforms. Opposing Viewpoints Online, 2018. Roguski, P. (1997). School uniforms: Background of and descriptive research(Masters thesis, State University of New York, 1997). Brockport: Paula Roguski. School uniforms. (2018). In ProCon.org (Ed.), Procon. Santa Monica, CA: ProCon. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/procon/school_uniforms/0

Alcatraz Island A Brief History - 1608 Words

With the new prison, the U.S. Army ran a rather mild institution with minimum security. â€Å"Prisoners spent their days working and learning†¦Many prisoners worked as gardeners while a select few were employed as babysitters for the children of prison officers (Mahaney, Erin. History and Facts about Alcatraz. About.com). Closing The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in the already pricey expenses to run the army barracks to almost double. The current prisoners were departed to other prisons in Kansas and New Jersey. In 1933, the Army deserted the prison.\ Alcatraz would continue as a prison for more than 100 years, but just under a different control†¦ Federal Penitentiary Establishing Alcatraz was obtained by the federal†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was like a small town with a big jail,† observed a longtime Alcatraz staff member. The children of the prison staff’s families attended school in San Francisco and traveled by boat to the mainland. Alcatraz prison guards were considered to be among the elite in the Bureau of prisons. They received extensive training in prison procedures and regulations, self defense, conflict resolution, legal requirements, marksmanship, rehabilitation, investigation techniques, bureau policies, and the history of law enforcement (nps.gov). Prison Life Alcatraz prison had received a dramatic reputation from the public eye, which was â€Å"due [largely] to Hollywood movies which have created their own not particularly accurate Alcatraz with hidden tunnels and haunted dungeons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and harshly exaggerated prison life (nps.gov). In actuality, Alcatraz was not bad of a prison if inmates behaved well. There were privileges for those who earned it through hard work and good behavior. Privileges for inmates were access to the library which held 15,000 books and 75 popular magazine subscriptions, access to art activities, family visits, and being allowed to participate in the inmate band, The Rock Islanders. A few hours of yard time were given to inmates on the weekends. Baseball was a popular talk among the inmates and during recreation time most inmates participated in games of softball. Baseballs and bats were provided and inmates formed their own teams, each varying from amateur toShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech on Alcatraz1097 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and theRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz1081 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreThe Native Occupation of Alcatraz Island and Its Effects on the Greater American Indian Movement.2075 Words   |  9 PagesThe Native Occupation of Alcatraz Island and its Effects on the Greater American Indian Movement. On November 20th, 1969 a group of Indian students, and urban Indians from the Bay Area led by Richard Oakes landed on Alcatraz Island claiming it as Indian Land (Johnson). This was a multi-tribal group and so they adopted the name Indians of All Tribes (Johnson). The 1969 landing and subsequent 19 month occupation was not the first attempt at an occupation; it was however the last and the longestRead More Al Capone Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesabout quot;Big Al.quot; Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on quot;the Rock,quot; to what job assignment he was currently holding. Before arriving at Alcatraz, Capone had been a master at manipulating his environment at the Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. Despite strict convictions from the courts, Capone was always able to persuade his keepers into procuring his every whim, and often dictated his ownRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1832 Words   |  8 Pagestargeted discrimination, policing, and white bias in schools in nearby communities. After the Native American Indian group, Indians of All Tribes (IAT), had successfully raised international awareness of Native American hardships in the US by occupying Alcatraz in 1969, the AIM group broadened their goals, (D arcus, 2010). The AIM group formatted a 20-point outline of goals and became well known for making powerful symbolic public demonstrations that focused on getting the media’s attention to nationallyRead MoreNative Americans During European Colonization1371 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Native Americans, the people who were not supposed to survive the settlement of Europeans, have lived long and strong, but it is not to say it was has been without struggle (â€Å"A Brief History† 2006). â€Å"No other group, however, faced problems more severe than the Native Americans† (â€Å"Digital† 2014). Struggling to keep control of their sacred land, provide an education for their children, and practice their language, beliefs, and traditions in silence was the typical life of the NativeRead MoreNative Americans : The New World Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican groups have been fighting not only museums within the Untied States for the return of these objects but the federal government itself for control of their sacred places and grounds as well. This struggle for the control of Native American history and the ability, and right, to tell it has been going on since settlers first came to the continent. Within the last 50 years more has been don e by both Native Americans and others to try and turn the balance to the Native Americans, with such groups

Reflection Paper On Environmental Health - 1317 Words

Environmental Health in Your Own Backyard Reflection Paper Introduction Environmental Health field is the segment of public health that is concerned with assessing, understanding, and controlling the impacts of people on their environment and the impacts of the environment on them. There are many problems facing the field include the treatment and disposal of liquid and airborne wastes and hazard, safe drinking water, adequate and safe food, protection of hospital and medical workers from infectious diseases, protecting the global population from other diseases. Explain how the topic you chose is an environmental public health issue. I selected Asthma as one of the public health issues that affecting the resident in Alamance†¦show more content†¦Identify relevant aspects of exposure to the population within the community, including who is exposed and the potential for contamination of environmental media (food, water, air), and likely exposure pathways. Many people in the community are suffering from polluted air, especially children because it is aggravating their asthma. Asthma status indicated as an outcome of the complicated gene - environmental interactions. As Klinnert, (2008) stated that, the genetic based immune system has a significant role in developing and determining of all asthma stages in allergic children who have reactions to environmental exposures (Klinnert, 2008). Triggers are everywhere in our environment, at home and school (indoor or outdoor), and has to vary reaction among children. As the EPA, (2012), rightly points out that, the Environmental trigger has an important factor that contributes to asthma symptoms and severity include irritants which aggravated by tobacco smoke (ETS) and pesticide, exposures to certain chemical fumes, gases, or vapors or dust and exposure to weather changes or air pollution. There are many children with asthma having allergens triggers. Allergens environmental substances include pollen from trees, grasses, flowers, fumes and cockroaches, mold and mildew, dust mites, animal dander (skin flakes and saliva) and paint and cleaning fluid (EPA, 2012). Explain whether theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing935 Words   |  4 Pagesan existing way of thinking that resonates with their worldview in order to provide consistent, competent, and meaningful care in their areas of practice. In this regard, this paper seeks to explore my personal philosophy about nursing by analyzing and reflecting upon the nursing metaparadigm of person, environment, health, and nursing as advanced by Sister Callista Roy, author of the adaptation model. Description of Four Concepts Metaparadigm Person is a holistic, adaptive, human system that constantlyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Fence Line : A Company Town Divided943 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment. 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As time progressed, nursing has been regarded as a human science, in which it not only requires one to be knowledgeable and skilful in the field of health care, but they must also possess a strong desire and passion to care and help patientsRead MoreSupply Chain Management : An Analysis Of The Green Environmental Management System835 Words   |  4 Pagesproduct or services. The Veterans Health Administration has established a required department in each VA facility that I feel meets the definition of sustainability. The Department of Veteran Affairs implemented the Green Environmental Management System (GEMS) to ensure that all facilities within the VA work to protect and hopefully improve the environment during the course of business. According to Veterans Health Administration Directive 7707, â€Å"an environmental management system (EMS) is a setRead MoreThe Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The Environment Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesSoc 327 October 9, 2015 Reflection Paper # 1 If out of the 17 U.N. Millennium Development Goals for 2030 could be achieved, I feel that ensuring environmental sustainability would be most crucial. Environmental sustainability and development is necessary to reduce poverty and increase the wellbeing of not only today’s people, but for future generations.(1) These global environment isssues require a global solution. However inequality between countries creates environmental issues, uneven developmentRead MoreIndividual Global Crises Are the Result of a Failing Global System747 Words   |  3 Pagescritical information. In this paper I am going to explore many issues of global crises. 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Protection Scheme of a 3-Phase Induction Motor - 5487 Words

PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3-ÃŽ ¦ INDUCTION MOTOR Authors Muhammad Tariq 08-EL-85 Supervisor Engr. Farhana Umer Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Year-2012 PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3-ÃŽ ¦ INDUCTION MOTOR By Muhammad Tariq 08-EL-85 THESIS SUBMITTED TO UCET, ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL (Power) ENGINEERING Research Supervisor Engr. Farhana Umer Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING University College of Engineering and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur YEAR-2012 Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..vii Acknowledgement ix List†¦show more content†¦Power System fault is defined as undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. These undesirable conditions such as short circuit, current leakage, ground short, over current and overvoltage and over-temperature. With the increasing loads, voltages and short-circuit duty in distribution system, over current protection has become more important today. The ability of protection system is demanded not only for economic reason but also consumers just expect ‘reliable’ service. In a Power System Protection, the system engineer would need a device that can monitor current, voltage, frequency, temperature and in some case over power in the system. Thus a device called Protective Relay is created to serve the purpose. The protective relay is most often relay coupled with Circuit Breaker such that it can isolate the abnormal condition in the system. In the interest of reliableShow MoreRelatedReport On Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd3224 Words   |  13 Pagesand has been done with full honesty and sincerity. Akanksha Rawat Abhay Rai Sumit Sharma (Student) (Industry Guide) (Faculty Guide) INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Air conditioning 3. Pneumatic and Brake System 4. Bogie, suspension wheels 5. Coupler 6. 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Death of a Moth free essay sample

Kirstyn Harasyn Reflection to The Death of a Moth Number 4 A small little creature fluttering about a window pane does not have much in common with a living human being. But, Virginia Woolf observes this moth and discovers that she is not too different in the moths aspect to life. Although she starts off completely against the pitiful animal by the middle of her essay she unravels the similarities of their simple lives. At the center of this essay, the heart and soul of Woolf is exposed. The reader learns of her minute yet largely important connects between the moths life and hers. Woolf describes the moth as, a form of the energy that was rolling in at the open window and driving its way through so many narrow and intricate corridors in my own brain, this shows that she developed a connection between herself and the animal that exceeded the dominating human role and took a emotional connection to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a Moth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the first point in the essay where she has positive feed back to give her little friend and the epiphany that he is not too different from herself. Again, the thought of all that life might have been had he been born in any other shape caused one to view his simple activities with a kind of pity. (paragraph 3). As the reader glances over this sentence a hidden feeling of Virginia Woolfs is discovered. She shows how she is alike the moth and is a human being that has had a rough patch and is now a creature worthy of being pitied. It is the central idea of this essay to show a connection between the writer and her subject and to show how similar the two are even though they lead separate lives.In paragraph three the true meaning to this essay is relieved. When an outsider looks upon a small, frail and fallen creature they take pity for it but watching it fight is marvelous. But humans are not the only ones who have this opportunity when people a constantly subjected to this frail feeling at the hands of others. Virginia Woolf is no different and in the middle of her essay exposes her same connection to this small moth. 377 words

Management Skills and Entrepreneurship Opportunity †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Skills and Entrepreneurship Opportunity. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurs need to consider some of the specific concern while establishing a new business venture. The study would specifically highlight the issues with the startups that may lead towards failure of the businesses. The necessity of the managing the feasible commercial opportunities would be discussed in this study. Furthermore, the study would identify the common pitfalls associated with the new business model design. Every business experiences some of the risks, which are needed to be managed strategically (Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos 2014). The study would thus develop the knowledgeable insights for achieving a successful business startup. In addition to this, the study would also evaluate the necessity of maintaining integrity, trust, and governance to gain the competitive position. A defined business idea stands for a concept that is generally used for making profits in a business. It generally centers on the products or the service offered to the customers in exchange of money. The business success depends on the fruitful and structured idea at the initial stage. However, Davidson (2015) argued that in spite of the potentiality of making profits, business ideas have no commercial values at the initial moment. Most of the startup businesses exist in an abstract form. Developing the efficient business ideas result in making profits at the end. It is important for the entrepreneurs to undergo a plausibility check to decide whether the business idea is feasible and innovative enough to meet the market needs (Brinckmann and Kim 2015). A promising business idea is developed by concentrating on several specific characteristics, such as innovation, clear focus, relevancy, uniqueness, and profitability for the long run (Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos 2014). The entrepr eneurs require having the clear and concise knowledge about the necessary components that makes the business feasible. There are several factors that contribute to the feasible business opportunities. These specific conditions are discussed further: A business opportunity becomes viable when the market demand is real. The startup business requires concentrating on the real market demands that would create more opportunities for the long run (Karimi et al. 2016). This opportunity serves for satisfying the needs of the business market. Moreover, the opportunity helps in resolving any problems that would be feasible enough for establishing a startup business. Adequate return on Investment A business opportunity can be feasible if the return on investment is profitable. The major focus of the business is to earn more profits. Therefore, the business opportunity generally intends to pursue the strong possibility of yielding a proper return on investment (Wood and McKelvie 2015). Similar to the real demand factor, the ROI is also concentrating on satisfying the need and solving a real time problem. The next factor that makes a business opportunity feasible is the effective competitiveness. The advancements in the current business scenario are quite challenging for the business marketers (Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos 2014). Unless the business idea is unique, every business ought to face the direct competitions with the other competitors (Bullough, Renko and Myatt 2014). The competitive business ideas have the complete chance to acquire a strengthened position in a business market. The business opportunity would thus be feasible if it is competitive enough to beat the other business marketers and gain the customer base. Every business has to set a vision and objective before conducting the business throughout the year. In fact, prior to establish a business, it is essential to establish an aim that would intend to achieve at the end. These aims and objectives are used in the business as leverage (Karimi et al. 2016). In order to make a business feasible enough in the competitive scenario, it is important to meet the objectives of the business. Another most necessary factor for making a business feasible is the competence skills of the business entrepreneur and the entire team. A business opportunity becomes worth pursuing by the commendable competence of the entrepreneur and effective management team (Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos 2014). A strong business team has the ability to develop the suitable and feasible business opportunity. The sharing ideas and experiences are helpful enough to manage the market needs and requirements for making the stronger business approach. The above factors are quite important for ensuring the feasible business approaches in a competitive position. One of the major concerns of the business entrepreneurs is to manage the sequential planning for developing a startup business. Use of the effective skills would help in managing the entire set up. However, it is necessary to gather the sufficient tangible and intangible resources to accomplish the business goals and become successful. The Common Pitfalls in New Business Model Design A Business Model consists of the necessary elements that make a business more feasible to operate in a competitive scenario. It is an important agenda to prepare an effective business model canvas that would create values for the business. According to Nabi et al. (2017), a business model consists of two major elements, such as an operating model and the value propositions. Both of these elements include three sub-elements. The model of value proposition model generally concentrates on several specific questions. It is necessary to clarify the product and the target market to offer this product or service. It usually reflects explicit choices based on three specific dimensions. First is the target segment, which determines the target market and the needs of the customers. Second is product and service offering, which describes the product and service specifications that can satisfy the needs and requirements of the customers. Third is revenue model, which ensures the method of compensating the offerings. On the other hand, operating model concentrates on the values of the products and services that would ensure more profits for the business (Niehm et al. 2015). It generally captures the unique business ideas to create more values for the customers. There are three critical areas for the operating model that create impacts on the startup business. First is value chain, which indicates the demands of the customers and the in-house operations to meet the demands. It also specifies the product outsourcing process. Second is cost model that configures the assets of the organization and the costs for delivering the value added products and services to the custome rs. Third is organization, which deploys and develops the workforce strength for enhancing the competitive advantage. In spite of these effective elements, the business models implementations can go wrong in many ways. These major pitfalls in the business model are as follows: The bottom-up innovations and the coordinated work structure are necessary for a startup business. The portfolio bloat occurs when a company has become bogged down in numerous numbers of bottom-up innovations and uncoordinated functionalities (Rahman and Day 2015). Undertaking too many innovations at one time can be riskier for the business. In most of the cases, it leads towards unbalanced, bloated, and overlapping portfolio of the experiments. It is noticed that none of these initiatives receives the adequate amount of the resources due to which the entire functions can go wrong. Moreover, the process would fail to win the favor of the senior management. Resolving the Irrelevant Customer Job The business model may fail if it develops a value proposition for an irrelevant customer job, which is not beneficial for the company. Even when the customers are not much caring about any particular product value, it may lead towards failure of the business model. In a startup business, this mistake is widely known as the failure to achieve product-market fit. Rezaei-Zadeh et al. (2014) explained that the business model survives on the long-term product market-fit. The mistakes become prominent by an overly focused on services or products along with the features and the technologies. The business entrepreneurs require concentrating on one aspect at a time. For example, if an entrepreneur wants to focus on feature, it is necessary to understand the basic needs and demands of the customers. It is also necessary to understand the features that may harm the perspective value of the customers. If once the entrepreneur understands the specific demands of the customers, it is necessary to determine that the services or products are sufficiently alleviate pains (Robinson and Stubberud 2014). It would also ensure that the product and service value would create the substantial gains. Apart from the issues with the inadequate product-market fit, the entrepreneur may face the challenges in establishing a flawless business model. An efficient entrepreneur needs to adopt greater technologies and a supportive business model for developing values for the offered products and services. If the business model is flawed, the technologies, value propositions, and customer demands would be affected in a significant manner. It is recognized that in some of the cases, the value propositions generate more costs than generating the expected amount of revenues (Sousa 2017). In such time, it can be stated that the business model is flawed and is not structured properly. As a result, it can be assumed that the business would inevitably disappear instead of developing the most successful value propositions. However, it has been observed that in spite of undertaking many of the safer approaches, the entrepreneurs sometimes fail to pick the appropriate revenue model or a proper pricin g strategy (Welsh, Kaciak and Minialai 2017). The entrepreneur should not underestimate the costs incurred from the resources, activities, and the necessary partnerships for creating and delivering the value propositions to the target customers. Furthermore, the business model would be considered as flawed if the entrepreneur fails to establish the appropriate channel to reach or deliver the values to the target audiences. Moreover, it can be suggested that establishing the effective relationships with the customers would create more values for the business (Hatten 2015). The business entrepreneurs require concentrating on one aspect at a time. For example, if an entrepreneur wants to focus on feature, it is necessary to understand the basic needs and demands of the customers. It is also necessary to understand the features that may harm the perspective value of the customers. If once the entrepreneur understands the specific demands of the customers, it is necessary to determine th at the services or products are sufficiently alleviate pains. It allows retaining the customers successfully and ensuring growth of the customer base. Finally, the business model would be considered as flawed if the entrepreneurs would focus more on wrong activities or they lack access to the adequate resource and key partners. The lack of proper partners and resources would create hindrance to reliability deliver, create or capture values for the longer time. It is essential to concentrate not just on the business, but on the customers demands as well. Negligence towards external threats in the Business Model Environment Sometimes, it has been observed that the business model innovations may fail in spite of resolving the relevant customer jobs and remarkable business model designs. The next failure source is from the external environment. The most obvious threats are faced from the external competitors who are much potential and providing the best offers to their target customers. It becomes difficult to the entrepreneurs to understand the next value added services initiated by the competitors that would make the customers anytime switch the brands or company (Johnson et al. 2013). In addition to this, it is noticed that the desired gains, pains, and customers jobs evolve over time. Especially, when the competitors offer the new and innovative products, and the substitutes become most demanding, the customers make a move towards purchasing products from other companies. The changes brought to the macro environment along with the shifts to the technological, cultural, societal, regulatory, and socioe conomic trends are creating the significant impacts on the business model viability (Jones and George 2015). It becomes important to keep the focus on such viability that is created for near and distant future. Most successful entrepreneurs thus scan the business model of the competitors continuously to stay more competent of impending threats to their existing business models. It has been noticed, in spite of structuring a flawless business model, it can still be a failure if it is not executed properly. The resources of the company, such as human resources, physical resources, and capital resources are sometimes not aligned adequately or appropriately. Many companies focus on measuring and monitoring a lot of things, but usually do not use these factors at the initial stage of developing the business model (Kasemsap 2016). It is necessary to monitor the critical success factors to follow that would lead towards developing the effective business model. In such cases, the business entrepreneurs require ensuring the appropriate alignment of the resources around the model. The effective execution of the business model would improve and refine the business models by reinventing them in a sequential way. Apart from these basic aspects, the business model would also fail due to some of the basic factors. Considerable market problems is one of the most effective and considerable factors. The small businesses usually face the failure if the market is not feasible for the target customers and the company. The lack of the product closure and specifications is quite insignificant for the business. In many of the cases, it has been observed that the entrepreneurs fail to gather the sufficient information about the business due to the inadequate market research. Therefore, it becomes essential to conduct the feasible market research and develop the value propositions for the products and the services. However, it is important to gather the insightful ideas about the needs and preferences of the customers. The ineffective timing or the lack of time management plan is also one of the considerable factors for the business failure at the starting point. In spite of the potentiality of making pro fits, business ideas have no commercial values at the initial moment. Most of the startup businesses exist in an abstract form. Developing the efficient business ideas result in making profits at the end. It is important for the entrepreneurs to undergo a plausibility check to decide whether the business idea is feasible and innovative enough to meet the market needs. It is thus essential to develop a strong management team with the greater knowledge about the business functions. Accordingly, the business would ensure the considerable success in future. How Business Risks should be managed? The business risks generally occur from different areas, both from the external and from the internal sources. The entrepreneurs often fail to understand the exact way to manage the risks and understand the risk factors that may influence the business. It is thus essential to manage or evaluate the risk factors by developing a contingency plan (Martn-Rojas, Garca-Morales and Bolvar-Ramos 2013). This contingency plan deals with the risks when it starts affecting the business. It is notable that planning the risks is the most effective way of managing the business risks. There are some of the specific ways of managing the risks in the business and these ways are discussed further: At the initial stage of new business development, it is necessary to plan up the business schedules in a sequential way. A structured business plan consists of the proper assessment, evaluation, and plan for the risks underlying within a business. These risks can be originated from anywhere or any standpoints of the business. These standpoints include financial parts, operations, and marketing field (Mason and Brown 2014). While structuring a schedule or sequential plan for the business, it would present the ideas about the probable risks originated from any of the business aspects. Hence, the entrepreneurs need to prepare a structured business plan to manage the probable risks. Majority of the business carry the liability insurance for insuring the contents in a location where the business has developed the operational functions. The entrepreneurs should always keep the track of the business activities. According to these activities, the business would determine the other types of the insurance. It would also obtain the correct coverage for the business. In case of real estate business or legal business may obtain several errors or omissions in the structured insurance policy (Morris et al. 2013). The risks may come from the clients who may sue the company for some of the professional wrong doings. Hence, it is necessary to ensure the insurance policy for some of the uncertain risks. The business planning should include a proper risk management plan. This risk management plan is generally separated from the business plan. This particular planned schedule includes the different probable risks that have the clear impact on the business operations or profits. Moreover, the plan also develops the ideas about the step-by-step process that intends to deal with the emerging risks (Edelman et al. 2016). It is necessary to imply that every business should concentrate on the threats coming from the potential competitors. It is essential to monitor the risks before it affects the business to the core. Providing effective training to the associated workers The entrepreneurs always need to concentrate on the abilities of the associated employees. In order to avoid the further risks, it is essential to expose the risks at the first place. For example, if the business deals with the heavy machineries and equipment, it is important to maintain the security and the safer usage (Eesley, Hsu and Roberts 2014). Therefore, the business entrepreneurs need to train the employees about the proper usage of these technologies or equipment to avoid the emerging risks. It would even ensure the workplace safety by minimizing hazards and injuries. Employee training is thus one of the most necessary elements of avoiding risks. In some of the cases, it is noticed that even the best planning of the business may fail. The entire efforts may fall short. In such cases, when the business is exposed to a risk, it is necessary to update the business plan accordingly. The business entrepreneur requires having the right reaction towards the risk (Garca-Morales, Bolvar-Ramos and Martn-Rojas 2014). Accordingly, putting a formal plan and procedure would help in preventing the risks from occurring once again. These specific factors are effective enough in managing the probable risks in a business. However, the business entrepreneurs should be competent enough to understand the probable risks that may affect the business. The key Management Skills require for achieving a successful business startup Regardless of the efficient venture planning, it is necessary for the entrepreneurs to acquire certain skills for surviving in a competitive business scenario. These skills would be effective enough in ensuring the business success for a long term. These factors or skills are presented below: Managing the financial aspects of the business is the most critical part. It is always required to manage the capital resources in a proper way. The finances are allocated as per the business needs. The entrepreneurs need to forecast the sales and the cash flows as well as monitoring the entire loss and profit (Garca-Snchez et al. 2017). Declaration of the income statement would also be beneficial in managing the financial aspects. It is notable that having a sound financial management skill helps an entrepreneur to run business successfully and profitably. The business entrepreneurs plan for the effective business promotions for developing the business brands and earning more profits. It is thus important to provide the effective and sound customer services by having a sound marketing strategy (Griffin 2013). The unique sales ideas would be beneficial for the business to earn more profits by attracting more customers. Hence, it is one of the most critical factors to business success. The business entrepreneurs need to negotiate and communicate with the potential investors, suppliers, employees, and the customers. It is essential for a business entrepreneur to have an effective verbal and written communication skill for establishing a good working relationship. The communicational transparency helps in developing the project towards the positive ways. The appropriate leadership skill is the major requirement for a successful business. An efficient leader leads the business towards right direction. The leaders have the experiences and fruitful ideas about driving the business towards success (Gundry, Ofstein and Kickul 2014). The leaders require motivating the staffs for inspiring them to bring out the best efforts and improve the business productivity. The time management is thus essential for mentoring and coaching the employees in an effective way. Encountering the problems is one of the most efficient skills ensured by a successful entrepreneur. The products and services to be offered to the customers should serve as the purpose of resolving the emerging problem (Asah, Fatoki and Rungani 2015). Initiating the ideas of resolving the problems would be beneficial for an entrepreneur to ensure a long term business success. The time management is another most necessary aspect of ensuring the long term business success. Along with allocating the resources, it is essential to allocate the time properly for managing the business activities (Bullough, et al. 2015). The business entrepreneur needs to have the clear ideas about the utilization of the time in an efficient way. Hence, it is quite beneficial aspect of managing the business success. Importance of Trust, Integrity, and Governance The different business approaches are the key driver towards the business success. However, an efficient entrepreneur needs to manage the business functions towards the right direction. Every business should build up on the proper integrity, trust, and the governance process. The board of directors and the people associated with the governance procedures explain the rules and regulations of a business (Garca-Snchez et al. 2017). Every startup business needs to follow the proper codes of conduct of the business. It is essential to generate trust and reliability among the business partners to ensure growth for the longer future prospects. The maintenance of the effective rules and regulations would minimize the risks come from the government of any specific country. Most of the startup businesses exist in an abstract form. Developing the efficient business ideas result in making profits at the end. It is important for the entrepreneurs to undergo a plausibility check to decide whether the business idea is feasible and innovative enough to meet the market needs. Managing the effective relationships with the customers build up the trust and integrity that helps the company to sustain the competitive position for a longer time. Many companies focus on measuring and monitoring a lot of things, but usually do not use these factors at the initial stage of developing the business model (Eesley, Hsu and Roberts 2014). It is necessary to monitor the critical success factors to follow that would lead towards developing the effective business model. In such cases, the business entrepreneurs require ensuring the appropriate alignment of the resources around the model. This business model should focus on proper rules and norms for managing the business functions in a sequential way. Conclusion The study provides the insightful ideas about the appropriate actions for managing a startup business. The entrepreneurs require having the clear and concise knowledge about the necessary components that makes the business feasible. Every business has to set a vision and objective before conducting the business throughout the year. In fact, prior to establish a business, it is essential to establish an aim that would intend to achieve at the end. Entrepreneurs are of the opinion that after spending money on website, product and service, they can easily beat a path to their door. The case is true only in case of first-time clientele but after that, it rapidly becomes an exclusive affair to attract and win customers. References Asah, F., Fatoki, O.O. and Rungani, E., 2015. The impact of motivations, personal values and management skills on the performance of SMEs in South Africa.African Journal of Economic and Management Studies,6(3), pp.308-322. Bcg.com, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.bcg.com/documents/file36456.pdf [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. Brinckmann, J. and Kim, S.M., 2015. Why we plan: the impact of nascent entrepreneurs' cognitive characteristics and human capital on business planning.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(2), pp.153-166 Bullough, A., De Luque, M.S., Abdelzaher, D. and Heim, W., 2015. Developing women leaders through entrepreneurship education and training. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), pp.250-270. Bullough, A., Renko, M. and Myatt, T., 2014. 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Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 26(3), p.129. Rahman, H. and Day, J., 2015. Involving the entrepreneurial role model: A possible development for entrepreneurship education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 18(1), p.86. Rezaei-Zadeh, M., Hogan, M., OReilly, J., Cleary, B. and Murphy, E., 2014. Using interactive management to identify, rank and model entrepreneurial competencies as universities entrepreneurship curricula. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), pp.57-94. Robinson, S. and Stubberud, H.A., 2014. Teaching creativity, team work and other soft skills for entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 17(2), p.186. Sakas, D., Vlachos, D. and Nasiopoulos, D., 2014. Modelling strategic management for the development of competitive advantage, based on technology.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,16(3), pp.187-209. Sousa, M.J., 2017. Human Resources Management Skills Needed by Organizations. In Leadership, Innovation and Entrepreneurship as Driving Forces of the Global Economy (pp. 395-402). Springer International Publishing. Welsh, D.H., Kaciak, E. and Minialai, C., 2017. The influence of perceived management skills and perceived gender discrimination in launch decisions by women entrepreneurs.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,13(1), pp.1-33. Wood, M.S. and McKelvie, A., 2015. Opportunity evaluation as future focused cognition: Identifying conceptual themes and empirical trends.International Journal of Management Reviews,17(2), pp.256-277.